Richard A. Leo

Books

• Confessions of Guilt: From Torture to Miranda and Beyond (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012). (Co-authored with George C. Thomas III.)
• Police Interrogation and American Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 12th Edition Edition 2008). (Paperback version published in 2009. Excerpts reprinted in Yale Kamisar, et al. Modern Criminal Procedure: Cases, Comments, Questions. Translated into Chinese in September 2012.) Read More
• The Wrong Guys: Murder, False Confessions and the Norfolk Four (New York: The New Press, 2008). (Co-authored with Tom Wells.) Read More
• The Miranda Debate: Law, Justice and Policing (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1998). (Co-edited with George C. Thomas III.) Read More
• The American Criminal Justice System (Simon & Schuster, 1998). (Editor)

Law Review and Journal Articles

• "Predicting Wrongful Convictions: A Social Science Approach to Miscarriages of Justice," (forthcoming). (Submitted to the National Institute of Justice in December 2012. Co-authored with Jon Gould, Julia Carrano and Joseph Young.)
• "Interrogation-Regulatory Decline: Ego Depletion, Failures of Self-Regulation and the Decision to Confess," 18 Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 673 (2012). (Co-authored with Deborah Davis.) SSRN
• "To Walk in Their Shoes: The Problem of Missing, Misunderstood, and Misrepresented Context in Judging Criminal Confessions," 46 New England Law Review 4 (2012). (Co-authored with Deborah Davis.) SSRN
• "Jurors Believe Interrogation Tactics Are Not Likely To Elicit False Confessions: Will Expert Witness Testimony Inform Them Otherwise?" 17 Psychology, Crime & Law 239 (2011). (Co-authored with Iris Blandon-Gitlin & Kathryn Sperry.) SSRN
• "Reply to Samuel R. Gross and Barbara O'Brien," 8 Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 277-279 (2010). SSRN
• "Moving Targets: Placing the Good Faith Doctrine in the Context of Fragmented Policing," 37 Fordham Urban Law Journal 709 (2010). (Co-authored with Hadar Aviram and Jeremy Seymour.) SSRN
• "From False Confession to Wrongful Conviction: Seven Psychological Processes," 38 Journal of Psychiatry and Law 9 (2010). (The article was excerpted in Open Access Journal of Forensic Psychology and co-authored with Deborah Davis.) SSRN
• "Overcoming Judicial Preferences for Person Versus Situation-Based Analyses of Interrogation Induced Confessions," 38(2) The Journal of American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 187 (2010). (Co-authored with Deborah Davis.) SSRN
• "Police-Induced Confessions, Risk Factors, and Recommendations: Looking Ahead," 34 Law and Human Behavior 39 (2010). (The article was also written with Saul Kassin, Steven Drizin, Thomas Grisso, Gisli Gudjonsson, and Allison Redlich and published online in January 2010.) SSRN
• "Selling Confession: Setting the Stage with the Sympathetic Detective with a Time-Limited Offer," 26 Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 441 (2010). (Co-authored with Deborah Davis and William Follette.) SSRN
• "One Hundred Years Later: Wrongful Conviction After a Century of Research," 100(3) Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 825 (2010). (Co-authored with Jon Gould.) SSRN
• "The Gatehouse and Mansions: 50 Years Later," 6 Annual Review of Law and Social Science 323 (2010). (Co-authored with Alexa Koenig.) SSRN
• "Studying Wrongful Convictions: Learning from Social Science," 7 The Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 7 (2009). (Co-authored with Jon Gould.) SSRN
• "Police-Induced Confessions: Risk Factors and Recommendations," 34 Law and Human Behavior 3 (2010). (Co-authored with Saul Kassin, Steven Drizin, Thomas Grisso, Gisli Gudjonsson, and Allison Redlich. Published online July 2009.) SSRN
• "False Confessions: Causes, Consequences and Implications," 37 The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 332 (2009). SSRN
• "What Do Potential Jurors Know About Police Interrogation Techniques and False Confessions?" 27 Behavioral Sciences and the Law 381 (2009). (Co-authored with Brittany Liu.) SSRN
• "Mental Health Status and Vulnerability to Police Interrogation Tactics," 22 Criminal Justice 42 (2007). (Co-authored with William C. Follette and Deborah Davis.)
• "Police Interviewing and Interrogation: A Self-Report Survey of Police Practices and Beliefs," 31 Law and Human Behavior 381 (2007). (Co-authored with Saul M. Kassin, Christian A. Meissner, Kimberly D. Richman, Lori H. Colwell, Amy Leach, & Dana LaFon.) SSRN
• "Mandate the Electronic Recording of Police Interrogations," 6 Crime and Public Policy 791 (2007). (With Kimberly D. Richman) SSRN
• "Bringing Reliability Back In: False Confessions and Legal Safeguards in the 21st Century," 2006 Wisconsin Law Review 479 (2006). (Co-authored with Steven Drizin, Peter Neufeld, Brad Hall, and Amy Vatner.) SSRN
• "Psychological Weapons of Influence: Applications in the Interrogation Room," 14 Nevada Lawyer 14 (2006). (With Deborah Davis)
• "Re-Thinking the Study of Miscarriages of Justice: Developing a Criminology of Wrongful Conviction," 21 Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 205 (2005). SSRN
• "Beating a Bum Rap," 3 Contexts 68 (2004). SSRN
• "The Problem of False Confessions in the Post-DNA World," 82 North Carolina Law Review 891 (2004). (The article was written with Steve Drizin. It was reprinted in Japan as the book The Problem of False Confessions in the Post-DNA World (Nippon Hyoronsha Co., Ltd., 2008). It was also reprinted in Modern Criminal Procedure: Cases, Comments, Questions (West Publishing, 2008) and Constitutional Criminal Procedure (Foundation Press, Third Edition 2007) SSRN
• "The Effects of Miranda v. Arizona: Embedded in Our National Culture?" 29 Crime and Justice: A Review of Research (2002). (Co-authored with George C. Thomas III.) SSRN
• "Questioning the Relevance of Miranda in the Twenty-First Century," 99 Michigan Law Review 1000 (2001). (The article was reprinted in Modern Criminal Procedure: Cases, Comments, Questions (West Publishing, Ninth Edition 2002) SSRN
• "The Truth About False Confessions and Advocacy Scholarship," 37 Criminal Law Bulletin 293 (2001). (With Richard Ofshe) SSRN
• "Autism, Rape, and Arson," 4 Sexual Assault Report 17 (2000). (Co-authored with Ann Burgess, David Elkovitch, and Jay Jackman.)
• "Adapting to Miranda: Modern Interrogators' Strategies For Dealing With The Obstacles Posed By Miranda," 84 Minnesota Law Review 397 (1999). (Co-authored with Welsh S. White.) SSRN
• "Witness for False Confession No Expert," II(3) The Forensic Echo: The Monthly Newsmagazine of Psychiatry, Law & Public Policy 14 (1998).
• "Civil Rights and Civil Liberties: Videotaping the Police," 17 Criminal Justice Ethics 44 (1998).
• "The Consequences of False Confessions: Deprivations of Liberty and Miscarriages of Justice in the Age of Psychological Interrogation," 88 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 429 (1998). (The article was co-authored with Richard Ofshe and reprinted in Law, Social Science, and the Criminal Courts (Carolina Academic Press, 2004) SSRN
• "False Confessions and Miscarriages of Justice," The Defender 3 (1998).
• "Using the Innocent to Scapegoat Miranda: Another Reply to Paul Cassell," 88 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 557 (1998). (Co-authored with Richard Ofshe.) SSRN
• "The Decision to Confess Falsely: Rational Choice and Irrational Action," 74 Denver University Law Review 979 (1997). (Co-authored with Richard Ofshe.) SSRN
• "Missing the Forest for the Trees: A Response to Paul Cassell's 'Balanced Approach' to the False Confession Problem," 74 Denver University Law Review 1135 (1997). (Co-authored with Richard Ofshe.) SSRN
• "The Social and Legal Construction of Repressed Memory," 22 Law & Social Inquiry 653 (1997). SSRN
• "The Social Psychology of Police Interrogation: The Theory and Classification of True and False Confessions," 16 Studies in Law, Politics & Society 189 (1997). (Co-authored with Richard Ofshe.) SSRN
• "The Ethics of Deceptive Research Roles Reconsidered: A Reply to Kai Erikson," 27 American Sociologist 122 (1996).
• "The Impact of Miranda Revisited," 86 Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 621 (1996). (Reprinted in The Miranda Debate: Law, Justice, and Crime Control (Northeastern University Press, 1998) SSRN
• "Inside the Interrogation Room," 86 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 266 (1996). (The article was reprinted in Police and Policing Law (Ashgate Publishing, 2006) and Cases and Materials on Criminal Procedure (West Publishing, 1999.) SSRN
• "Miranda's Revenge: Police Interrogation as a Confidence Game," 30 Law & Society Review 259 (1996). SSRN
• "Police Scholarship for the Future: Resisting the Pull of the Policy Audience," 30 Law & Society 865 (1996). SSRN
• "Trial and Tribulations: Courts, Ethnography, and the Need for an Evidentiary Privilege for Academic Researchers," 26 American Sociologist 113 (1995). (The article was reprinted in Contemporary Field Research: Perspectives and Formulations (Waveland Press, Second Edition 2001.)
• "Police Interrogation and Social Control," 3 Social and Legal Studies: An International Journal 93 (1994). SSRN
• "The Yale White-Collar Crime Project: A Review and Critique," 18 Law & Social Inquiry 63 (1993). (The article was co-authored with David T. Johnson and reprinted Fraud: Organizational, Motivation, and Control (Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 1998.) SSRN
• "From Coercion to Deception: The Changing Nature of Police Interrogation in America," 18 Crime, Law, and Social Change: An International Journal 35 (1992). (The article was reprinted in The Miranda Debate: Law, Justice, and Crime Control. (Northeastern University Press, 1998) SSRN
• "The Ethics of Deceptive Interrogation," 11 Criminal Justice Ethics 3 (1992). (The article was co-authored with Jerome H. Skolnick. It was reprinted in Justice, Crime, and Ethics (Anderson Publishing Co., Fifth Edition 2005); Criminal Justice Ethics (Prentice-Hall, 2000); The Leadership Journal (January-March 1993); and The Boalt Hall Transcript (1993). It was also revised and expanded as a book chapter in Issues in Policing: New Perspectives. (Autumn House Publishing, 1992) SSRN

Book Contributions

• "Acute Suggestibility in Police Interrogation: Self-Regulation Failure as a Primary Mechanism of Vulnerability," in Investigative Suggestibility: Theory, Research, and Applications edited by Anne Ridley (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2012). (Co-authored with Deborah Davis.) SSRN
• "Interrogation-Induced False Confession," in Encyclopedia of Criminology & Criminal Justice edited by Jay Albanese (Wiley-Blackwell, forthcoming). (Co-authored with Deborah Davis.) SSRN
• "Law of Police Interrogation," in Encyclopedia of Criminology & Criminal Justice edited by Jay Albanese (Wiley-Blackwell, forthcoming). (Co-authored with George Thomas III.) SSRN
• "False Confessions and the Constitution: Problems, Possibilities and Solutions," in The Constitution in 2020: The Future of Criminal Justice in America edited by John T. Parry & L. Song Richardson (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming). SSRN
• "The Problem of Interrogation-Induced False Confession: Sources of Failure in Prevention and Detection," in The Handbook of Forensic Sociology and Psychology edited by Stephen Morewitz and Mark Goldstein (forthcoming). (Co-authored with Deborah Davis.) SSRN
• "Police Interrogation and Coercion in Domestic American History: Lessons for the War on Terror," in Torture, Law, and War: What Are the Moral and Legal Boundaries of the Use of Coercion in Interrogation? edited by Martha Nussbaum and Scott Anderson (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, forthcoming). (Co-authored with Alexa Koenig.) SSRN
• "Interrogation Through Pragmatic Implication: Sticking to the Letter of the Law While Violating its Intent," in Oxford Handbook on Language and Law edited by Lawrence Solan and Peter Tiersma (Oxford University Press, 2012). (Co-authored with Deborah Davis.) SSRN
• "Three Prongs of the Confession Problem: Issues and Proposed Solutions," in The Future of Evidence: How Science and Technology will Change the Practice of Law edited by Jules Epstein, 231-262 (American Bar Association Books, 2011). (Co-authored with Deborah Davis.) SSRN
• "Police Interrogation and False Confessions," in Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Science of Expert Testimony edited by David Faigman, Michael Saks, Joseph Sanders, and Edward Cheng (forthcoming).
• "The Three Errors: Pathways to False Confession and Wrongful Conviction," in Interrogations and Confessions: Current Research, Practice, and Policy edited by Daniel Lassiter and Christian Meissner (American Psychological Association, 2010). (Co-authored with Steve Drizin.) SSRN
• "Interrogation," in The Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science edited by A. Jamieson and A. Moenssens (London: John Wiley & Sons, 2009). (Co-authored with Mark Costanzo.) SSRN
• "Psychological and Cultural Aspects of Interrogations and False Confessions: Using Research to Inform Legal Decision-Making," in Pyschological Expertise in Court edited by Joel Lieberman and Daniel Krauss (New York: Ashgate Ltd., 2009). (Co-authored with Mark Costanzo and Netta Shaked-Schroer.) SSRN
• "Police Interrogation and False Confessions in Rape Cases," in Practical Rape Investigation: A Multidisciplinary Approach edited by Roy Hazelwood and Ann Burgess (Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Fourth Edition 2008).
• "Research and Expert Testimony on Interrogation and Confessions," in Expert Psychological Testimony For The Courts edited by Mark Costanzo, Dan Krauss, and Kathy Pezdek (New Jersey: Erlbaum, 2007). SSRN
• "Strategies for Preventing False Confessions and Their Consequences," in Practical Psychology for Forensic Investigations and Prosecutions edited by Martin Kebbell and Graham Davies (New York, N.Y.: Wiley, 2006). SSRN
• "Interrogating Guilty Suspects: Why Sipowicz Never Has to Admit He is Wrong," in What Would Sipowicz Do?: Race, Rights and Redemption edited by Glenn Yeffeth (Dallas: BenBella Books, 2005). (With George C. Thomas III) SSRN
• "Interrogation and Confessions," in The Encyclopedia of Criminology edited by J. Miller Mitchell and Richard A. Wright (New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2005).
• "The Third Degree and the Origins of Psychological Interrogation in America," in Interrogations, Confessions and Entrapment edited by Daniel Lassiter (New York, N.Y.: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2004). (Perspectives in Law and Psychology Series, Volume 20) SSRN
• "Interrogation," in The Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment edited by David Levinson (Great Barrington, Mass.: Berkshire Reference Works, 2002).
• "Miranda, Confessions and Justice: Lessons for Japan?" edited by Malcolm Feeley and Setsuo Miyazawa (London, U.K.: Palgrave, 2002). SSRN
• "False Confessions: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions," in Wrongly Convicted: Perspectives on Failed Justice edited by Saundra D. Westervelt and John A. Humphrey (Newark, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2001).
• "The Criminal Justice System: An Overview," in The American Criminal Justice System edited by Richard A. Leo (Simon & Schuster, 1998).
• "False Confessions and Miscarriages of Justice Today," in The American Criminal Justice System edited by Richard A. Leo (Simon & Schuster, 1998).
• "A Historical Overview of Confession Law," in The American Criminal Justice System edited by Richard A. Leo (Simon & Schuster, 1998).
• "Miranda and the Problem of False Confessions," in The Miranda Debate: Law, Justice and Policing edited by Richard A. Leo and George C. Thomas (Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press, 1998).
• "Some Thoughts about Police and Crime," in The Crime Conundrum: Essays on Criminal Justice edited by Lawrence Friedman and George Fisher (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1997).

Opinion Pieces and Blog Posts

• "The Problem of False Confession in America," The Champion (December 2007).

Other Publications

Briefs

• U.S. Supreme Court, State of Florida v. Kevin DeWayne Powell (2009) (No. 08-1175).

Court Citation of Research

• United States Supreme Court, J.D.B. v. North Carolina, WL 2369508 2011) (No. 09-11121).
• U.S. Supreme Court, Maryland v. Shatzer, 559 U.S. 2010).
• U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, Michael Crowe et al. v. County of San Diego et al., U.S. App. 2074 2010).
• Washington Supreme Court, State of Washington v. A.N.J., 2010 Wash 69 2010).
• U.S. Supreme Court, Corley v. United States, 129 S.Ct 1558 2009).
• U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Wade v. Brady, 612 F. Supp 2d 90 2009).
• Washington Supreme Court, State of Washington v. Riofta, 209 P.3d 467 2009).
• Wisconsin Court of Appeals, State of Wisconsin v. Fairconatue, Wisc. App. 491 2009).
• U.S. Supreme Court, Missouri v. Seibert, 124 S. Ct. 2601 2004).

Presentations

• Presenter, "Contamination Confessions," Duke University School of Law, "Accuracy and Error in Decision-Making in the Criminal Justice Process," Durham, N.C. (December 2012).
• Presenter, "False Confessions: Causes, Consequences, Solutions," Roosevelt University, "2012 Second Annual Wrongful Convictions Distinguished Speakers Series," Chicago, Ill. (November 2012).
• Presenter, "Innocent Differences? An Empirical Study of Wrongful Convictions vs. 'Near Misses'," American Constitution of Criminology, "2012 Annual Meeting," Chicago, Ill. (November 2012). (Co-presented with Jon Gould and Julia Carrano.)
• Presenter, "Life After Death Row," American Constitution of Criminology, "2012 Annual Meeting," Chicago, Ill. (November 2012).
• Presenter, "Promoting Accuracy in the Use of Confession Evidence: An Argument for Pre-Trial Reliability Hearings to Prevent Wrongful Convictions," The Temple Law Review, "False Confessions: Intersecting Science, Ethics, and the Law," Philadelphia, Pa. (November 2012).
• Presenter, "Promoting Accuracy in the Use of Confession Evidence: An Argument for Pre-Trial Reliability Hearings to Prevent Wrongful Convictions," American University Washington College of Law, Washington, D.C. (September 2012).
• Presenter, "An Early Peek at the Results: An Empirical Study of Wrongful Convictions Versus 'Near Misses'," 2012 International Conference on Law and Society, Honolulu, Hawaii (June 2012). (Co-presented with Jon Gould and Julia Carrano.)
• Presenter, "Interrogation Through Pragmatic Implication: Sticking to the Letter of the Law While Violating Its Intent," Loyola Law School, Los Angeles, Calif. (April 2012).
• Presenter, "The Problem of Interrogation-Induced False Confession: Sources of Failure in Prevention and Detection," Western Psychological Association 2012 Convention, Burlingame, Calif. (April 2012).
• Presenter, "The Science of False Confessions," Washington State Courts Continuing Judicial Education Conference, Cle Elum, Wash. (April 2012).
• Presenter, "Interviewing Suspects: Two Real-Life Studies, A Meta-Analysis, and the Effects of Unanticipated Questions," American Psychology-Law Society 2012 Annual Conference, San Juan, Puerto Rico (March 2012).
• Presenter, "False Confessions: Understanding and Litigating the Issues," New Mexico Criminal Defense Lawyers Association Program, "Advanced Program on Eyewitness ID, Client Statements & False Confessions," Albuquerque, N.M. (March 2012).
• Presenter, "False Confessions," California Attorney for Criminal Justice and California Public Defenders Association Event, "Capital Case Defense Seminar 2012," Monterey, Calif. (February 2012).
• Presenter, "The Dynamics of False Confessions," Texas Bar Association Continuing Legal Education, Dallas, Texas (December 2011).
• Presenter, "Studying Wrongful Convictions: Learning From Social Science," American Criminal Society 2011 Annual Meeting "Breaking the Mold: Innovations and Bold Ventures in Criminology," Washington, D.C. (November 2011).
• Presenter, "False Confessions: Why Innocent People Confess," Northern California Innocence Project's "Innocence Matters Breakfast Briefings," Santa Clara, Calif. (October 2011).
• Presenter, "The Problem of Interrogation-Induced False Confession: Sources of Failure in Prevention and Detection," Federal Public Defender, Capital Habeas Unit, Los Angeles, Calif. (August 2011).
• Presenter, "The Science of False Confessions," Texas Criminal Defense Lawyers Association "'Innocence Work' in the Real World for Real Lawyers," Austin, Texas (August 2011).
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation Methods and False Confessions," New York State Justice Task Force on Wrongful Convictions, New York, N.Y. (June 2011).
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation: Tactics, Responses and Outcomes," University of Minnesota Law School "Police Interrogation of Juveniles," Minneapolis, Minn. (May 2011).
• Presenter, "False Confessions: Causes, Consequences, Solutions," University of Cincinnati "2011 Innocence Network Conference: An International Exploration of Wrongful Conviction," Cincinnati, Ohio (April 2011).
• Presenter, "The Truth About False Confessions: Ego-depletion, Failures of Self-Regulation and the Decision to Confess," Western Psychological Association 2011 Convention, Los Angeles, Calif. (April 2011).
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation in the Shadow of Trial," Third Hoffinger Criminal Justice Forum, New York University School of Law, New York, N.Y. (March 2011). (Link here)
• Presenter, "Confessions of the Innocent: Causes, Consequences, Solutions," 36th Annual Conference of the Forensic Mental Health Association of California, Seaside, Calif. (March 2011). (Keynote Address)
• Presenter, "Three Prongs of the Confession Problem: Issues and Proposed Solutions," University of Washington School of Law Faculty Colloquium, Seattle, Wash. (January 2011).
• Presenter, "Purpose-Driven Scholarship, Justice Work, and the Problem of Wrongful Conviction," University of San Francisco School of Law Justice Forum, (November 2010).
• Presenter, "Innocent: Recent Advances in Uncovering Wrongful Convictions," Stanford University Law School "Shaking the Foundations: The West Coast Conference on Progressive Lawyering," Palo Alto, Calif. (October 2010).
• Presenter, "Miranda at 50: What Have We Learned?" Seattle University School of Law Faculty Colloquium, Seattle, Wash. (September 2010).
• Presenter, "A Doctrinal Analysis of Miranda v. Arizona and its Progeny: Why the Conventional Explanation is Wrong and What's Really Going On," University of San Francisco School of Law Faculty Colloquium, (April 2010).
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation, Psychological Coercion, and False Confessions: Understanding and Litigating the Issues," Los Angeles County Bar Association, Los Angeles, Calif. (April 2010).
• Presenter, "When Lightning Strikes Twice: Analyzing Double Wrongful Convictions," UC Berkeley School of Law Center for the Study of Law and Society Faculty Colloquium, Berkeley, Calif. (March 2008).
• Presenter, "Litigating Coerced and False Confessions Cases," Department of the Army, U.S. Trial Defense Service Conference, Ft. Lewis, Wash. (March 2010).
• Presenter, "The Psychology of Coerced and False Confessions," Department of the Army, U.S. Trial Defense Service Conference, Ft. Lewis, Wash. (March 2010).
• Presenter, "Stage Setting in Police Interrogation: Interactive Effects of a Pretext for Interrogation and Minimization," American Psychology-Law Society Conference, Vancouver, Canada (March 2010). (Co-presented with Osvaldo Hernandez, Deborah Davis, Crissa Draper, and William Follette.)
• Presenter, "Interrogation, Coercion, and False Confessions: Understanding and Identifying the Issues," California Attorneys for Criminal Justice and California Public Defenders Association Case Capital Defense Seminar Program, Monterey, Calif. (February 2010).
• Presenter, "When Lightning Strikes Twice: Analyzing Double Wrongful Convictions," Emory University School of Law Faculty Colloquium, Atlanta, Ga. (February 2010).
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation and False Confessions: A Review of the Research," Association of American Law Schools Annual Conference, New Orleans, La. (January 2010).
• Presenter, "Interrogation Through Pragmatic Implication: Communicating Beneficence and Promises of Leniency," Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference, Las Vegas, Nev. (January 2010).
• Presenter, "One Hundred Years of Getting it Wrong? Wrongful Convictions After a Century of Research," Northwestern University School of Law Conference on a Century of Criminal Justice, Chicago, Ill. (January 2010). (Co-presented with Jon Gould.)
• Presenter, "When Lightning Strikes Twice: Studying Double Wrongful Convictions," American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting "Criminology and Criminal Justice Policy," Philadelphia, Pa. (November 2009).
• Panelist, "The Wrong Guys: Authors Meet Critics," American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting "Criminology and Criminal Justice," Philadelphia, Pa. (November 2009).
• Presenter, "False Confessions: Science and Research," Office of the State Appellate Defender and Illinois Institute for Continuing Legal Education Conference "Defending Illinois Death Penalty Cases," Springfield, Ill. (October 2009). (Leo delivered the keynote address.)
• Presenter, "Police-Induced Confessions: Risk Factors and Recommendations," UC Hastings College of the Law Faculty Colloquium, San Francisco, Calif. (September 2009).
• Presenter, "The Psychology of Forced Confessions," Indiana Public Defender Council "Fundamentals for Criminal Defense Lawyers," Indianapolis, Ind. (August 2009).
• Presenter, "Litigating False Confession Cases," Indiana Public Defender Council "Fundamentals for Criminal Defense Lawyers," Indianapolis, Ind. (August 2009).
• Presenter, "Interrogation, Coercion and False Confessions: Understanding and Identifying the Issues," The National Association of Criminal Defense Attorneys Conference, Santa Fe, N.M. (April 2009).
• Presenter, "False Confessions: Challenging Police-Induced Testimonial Evidence," Illinois Institute for Continuing Legal Education Death Penalty Conference, Chicago, Ill. (March 2009).
• Presenter, "Interrogation, Coercion, and False Confessions: Understanding and Identifying the Issues," Contra Costa County Public Defender's Office, Martinez, Calif. (March 2009).
• Presenter, "False Confessions: Challenging Police-Induced Testimonial Evidence," San Francisco Public Defender's Office, San Francisco, Calif. (February 2009).
• Presenter, "False Confessions: Challenging Police-Induced Testimonial Evidence," The Annual Death Penalty Seminar, Monterey, Calif. (February 2009). (The event was co-sponsored by the California Attorneys for Criminal Justice and the California Public Defenders Association.)
• Presenter, "False Confessions: Causes, Consequences, and Reforms," Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, Criminal Justice Integrity Unit, Austin, Texas (January 2009).
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation, Psychological Coercion, and False Confessions," California Defense Investigators Association Conference, San Jose, Calif. (November 2008).
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation and American Justice: Author Meets Critics," American Society of Criminology Conference, St. Louis, Mo. (November 2008).
• Presenter, "The Psychology of False Confessions: Causes, Consequences, and Reforms," University of Illinois Institute for Legal and Policy Studies and Downstate Illinois Innocence Project, Springfield, Ill. (November 2008).
• Presenter, "The Wrong Guys: Murder, False Confessions, and the Norfolk Four," George Mason University Center for Justice, Law, and Society, Fairfax, Va. (November 2008).
• Presenter, "The Wrong Guys: Murder, False Confessions, and the Norfolk Four," Northwestern University School of Law, Chicago, Ill. (November 2008).
• Presenter, "The Wrong Guys: Murder, False Confessions, and the Norfolk Four," University of San Francisco School of Law, (November 2008).
• Presenter, "False Confessions: Causes, Consequences, and Implications," American Academy of Psychiatry and Law Conference, Seattle, Wash. (October 2008). (Leo delivered the keynote address.)
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation and American Justice," New York University School of Law Hoffinger Criminal Justice Colloquium, New York, N.Y. (September 2008).
• Presenter, "How Lawyers Should Litigate False and Unreliable Confession Cases," Golden Gate University School of Law Wrongful Conviction Seminar, San Francisco, Calif. (September 2008).
• Presenter, "False Confessions and Wrongful Convictions," Alaska Investigators Association and Alaska Innocence Project Conference, Anchorage, Ala. (September 2008).
• Presenter, "False Confessions and Wrongful Convictions," Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law Wrongful Conviction Seminar, New York, N.Y. (September 2008). (Attended by faculty and staff from the Innocence Project, as well as Cardozo law faculty.)
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation and False Confessions," Alaska Investigators Association and Alaska Innocence Project Conference, Anchorage, Ala. (September 2008).
• Presenter, "The Gatehouses and the Mansions: 50 Years Later," University of San Francisco School of Law Faculty Brown Bag Series, (July 2008).
• Presenter, "False Confessions, Wrongful Convictions, and Legal Reform," Association of American Law Schools Mid-year Meeting, Evidence Section, Cleveland, Ohio (June 2008).
• Presenter, "False Confessions," Habeas Corpus Resource Center Conference, San Francisco, Calif. (June 2008).
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation, False Statements, and Confessions," Habeas Corpus Resource Center Conference, San Francisco, Calif. (June 2008).
• Presenter, "False Confessions," New York University's Information Law Institute and the Department of Culture and Communication, Colloquium on Information Technology and Society Series, New York, N.Y. (April 2008).
• Presenter, "False Confessions," National Association of Criminal Defense Attorneys Conference, Las Vegas, Nev. (April 2008).
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation and American Justice," San Francisco State University Criminal Justice Department, San Francisco, Calif. (April 2008).
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation and American Justice," University of San Francisco School of Law, (April 2008).
• Workshop leader, "Litigating False Confession Cases," 2008 Innocence Network Conference at Santa Clara Law, Santa Clara, Calif. (March 2008).
• Presenter, "Recommending False Confession for the Innocent," American Psychology Law Society Conference, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. (March 2008).
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation and Coercion in Domestic American History," University of Chicago School of Law Conference on Torture, Law, and War, Chicago, Ill. (March 2008).
• Presenter, "Persuaded False Confessions," University of Chicago School of Law Criminal Law Faculty Colloquia, Chicago, Ill. (February 2008).
• Presenter, "Understanding False Confessions," California Attorneys For Criminal Justice and California Public Defenders Association Case Defense Seminar Program, Monterey, Calif. (February 2008).
• Presenter, "Understanding False Confessions," California Public Defenders Association Conference, Yosemite, Calif. (November 2007).
• Presenter, "Effects of Interrogation Tactics on Recommendation of False Confessions for the Innocent," University of Texas "Interrogation and Confessions: A Conference Exploring Current Research, Practice, and Policy," El Paso, Texas (September 2007). (Co-presented with Deborah Davis and William Follette.)
• Presenter, "Persuaded False Confessions," University of Texas "Interrogation and Confessions: A Conference Exploring Current Research, Practice, and Policy," El Paso, Texas (September 2007). (Co-presented with Deborah Davis and William Follette.)
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation, Psychological Coercion, False Confessions," Florida Public Defender Association Conference, Orlando, Fla. (September 2007).
• Presenter, "Effects of Failed Polygraph Results on Perceived Wisdom of True and False Confessions," American Psychological Association Conference, San Francisco, Calif. (August 2007). (Co-presented with Deborah Davis.)
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation, Psychological Coercion, False Confessions," District of Columbia Public Defender Service, Washington, D.C. (June 2007).
• Presenter, "Understanding the Reid Method and How It Coerces Confessions," Habeas Corpus Resource Center Conference, San Francisco, Calif. (June 2007).
• Presenter, "Wrongful Convictions and False Confessions," Tel Aviv University School of Law Conference on New Directions in Courtroom Research, Tel Aviv, Israel (May 2007).
• Presenter, "False Confessions: Causes, Consequences, Solutions," Ohio Innocence Project, University of Cincinnati School of Law, Cincinnati, Ohio (March 2007).
• Presenter, "False Confessions and the Wrongful Conviction of the Innocent," National Innocence Network Conference, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Mass. (March 2007).
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation, Psychological Coercion, False Confessions," National Legal Aid and Defender Association Annual Conference on Indigent Defense, Dallas, TX. (March 2007).
• Presenter, "Wrongful Conviction: Legal and Judicial Perspectives," Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Conference, Seattle, Wash. (March 2007).
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation, Psychological Coercion, False Confessions," Santa Clara County Public Defender's Office, San Jose, Calif. (February 2007).
• Presenter, "The Social Psychology and Consequences of Police-Induced False Confessions," Northern California Innocence Project, Santa Clara, Calif. (February 2007).
• Presenter, "Understanding the Reid Method and How It Coerces Confessions," California Attorneys for Criminal Justice and California Public Defenders Association Case Capital Defense Seminar Program, Monterey, Calif. (February 2007).
• Presenter, "Why Do Suspects Falsely Confess?" Administrative Offices of the United States Courts Conference on Forensic Evidence and the Criminal Law, New Orleans, La. (January 2007).
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation, False Confession, and American Justice," University of Oklahoma Department of Psychology Faculty Colloquium, Norman, Okla. (December 2006).
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation, Psychological Coercion, False Confessions," Missouri State Public Defender System Conference, St. Louis, Mo. (December 2006).
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation and American Justice," University of San Francisco School of Law Faculty Colloquium, (November 2006).
• Presenter, "Coerced and False Confessions," National Child Abuse Defense and Resource Center Conference, Las Vegas, Nev. (September 2006).
• Presenter, "Interrogating Guantanamo Detainees," University of San Francisco School of Law, (October 2006).
• Presenter, "The Limits of Miranda," University of Colorado School of Law Conference on the 40^th Anniversary of Miranda v. Arizona, Boulder, Colo. (October 2006).
• Presenter, "False Confessions: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions," California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice, Los Angeles, Calif. (June 2006).
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation and Confessions," San Mateo Private Defender Program, Burlingame, Calif. (May 2006).
• Presenter, "Sympathetic Detectives with Time Limited Offers: Effects on Perceived Consequences of Confession," Association for Psychological Science Conference, New York, N.Y. (May 2006). (Co-presented with David Bailey, Deborah Davis, and Deborah Knaack.)
• Presenter, "Incriminating Ourselves?" UC Los Angeles School of Law Conference on the Faces of Wrongful Conviction: "Examining California Justice Gone Wrong," Los Angeles, Calif. (April 2006).
• Presenter, "Miranda's Past, Present, and Future," Harvard Law School Conference on Criminal Procedure Stories, Cambridge, Mass. (April 2006).
• Presenter, "Evaluating Evidence Ploys: The Role of Ploy Type in Perceptions of Deception and Coercion," American Psychology-Law Society Conference, St. Petersburgh, Fla. (March 2006). (Co-presented with Jennifer Bienhoff, Krista Forrest, and Brad Stastny.)
• Presenter, "Evaluating Law Enforcement Evidence Ploys When Confessions are False: Mock Juror Perceptions of Deception and Coercion," American Psychology-Law Society Conference, St. Petersburgh, Fla. (March 2006). (Co-presented with Jennifer Bienhoff, Krista Forrest, and Brad Stastny.)
• Presenter, "Police Interviewing and Interrogation: Toward a National Self-Report Survey of Police Practices and Beliefs," American Psychology-Law Society Conference, St. Petersburgh, Fla. (March 2006). (Co-presented with L.H. Colwell, Saul Kassin, Dana La Fon, Amy Leach, Christian Meissner, and Kimberly Richman.)
• Presenter, "Police Interrogation and False Confessions: Best Practice Guidelines," Wisconsin Criminal Justice Study Commission, Milwaukee, Wis. (February 2006).
• Presenter, "Bringing Reliability Back In: False Confessions and Legal Safeguards in the Twenty-First Century," University of San Francisco School of Law Faculty Colloquium, (January 2006).

Testimony and Hearings

• Leo has testified for the defense and prosecution as an expert witness in more than 180 cases at pre-trial suppressions hearings, jury and bench trials, and post-conviction proceedings in state, federal, and military courts in 26 states (2000 to present).
• Testimony, California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice (2006).
• Testimony, Wisconsin Criminal Justice Study Commission (2006).
• Testimony, The Illinois House of Representatives (1999).

Written Testimony and Commentary

Advisor or Consultant

• Leo has served as a litigation consultant in more than 1,000 criminal and civil trials. He has worked on high profile cases involving disputed interrogations and/or confessions, including the cases of Michael Crowe, Earl Washington, the Norfolk Four, and two of the Central Park jogger defendants, as well as numerous lesser-known cases with victims of coercive interrogation that received no media attention (2000 to present).
• Consultant, Maryland Innocence Project (2008 to 2010).
• Consultant, Fredrikson and Byron, P.A., Minneapolis (2009 to 2010).

Counsel

Symposia Organization

Professional Membership

• Member, American Law Institute
• Member, Association of American Law Schools
• Member, Academic Education and Action Research Advisory Committee to the Chief of Police, Long Beach Police Department
• Member, Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
• Member, American Society of Criminology
• Member, American Psychological Association
• Member, American Psychology-Law Society
• Member, Association for Psychological Science
• Member, The American Sociological Association
• Member, Law and Society Association
• Member, National Center for Reason and Justice Scientific Advisory Board
• Member, Pacific Sociological Association
• Member, Society for the Study of Social Problems
• Affliate, UC Santa Barbara Institute of Social, Behavioral, and Economic Research Center on Police Practices and Community

Fellowships

• Fellow, UC Berkeley Institute of Legal Reseach Criminal Justice Program

Other Service